Utah State University – International Space Station – Earth – Artificial satellite – Student

International Space Station

ISS of STS-132
Station statistics
SATCAT no.	25544
Call sign	Alpha, Station
Crew	Fully crewed: vi Currently aboard:5 (Expedition63)
Launch	20 Nov 1998; 23 years ago  (1998-xi-xx)
Launch pad	Baikonur ane/5 and 81/23 Kennedy LC-39 and CCAFS SLC-41 (future)
Mass	≈ 419,725 kg (925,335 lb)[1]
Length	72.viii 1000 (239 ft)
Width	108.5 chiliad (356 ft)
Height	≈ 20 m (66 ft) nadir–zenith, arrays forrad–aft (27 Nov 2009)[ dated info ]
Pressurised volume	931.57 m3 (32,898 cu ft)[two] (28 May 2016)
Atmospheric pressure	101.iii kPa (29.nine inHg; 1.0 atm)
Perigee	408 km (253.five mi) AMSL[3]
Apogee	410 km (254.8 mi) AMSL[iii]
Orbital inclination	51.64°[3]
Orbital speed	7.66 km/s[3] (27,600 km/h; 17,100 mph)
Orbital period	92.68 minutes[3]
Orbits per day	15.54[3]
Orbit epoch	14 May 2019 thirteen:09:29  UTC[three]
Days in orbit	23 years, 2 months, 17 days (6 Feb 2022)
Days occupied	21 years, three months, iv days (half dozen February 2022)
No. of orbits	116,178 as of May 2019[update] [three]
Orbital decay	2 km/month
Statistics as of nine March 2011 (unless noted otherwise) References: [1] [3] [4] [5] [six]
Configuration
Station elements every bit of July 2021[update] (exploded view)

The
International Space Station
(ISS) is a space station, a very large satellite that people can live in for several months at a fourth dimension. Information technology was put together in Low Earth orbit up until 2011, but other bits have been added since then. The last function, a Bigelow module was added in 2016. The station is a joint project among several areas of the world: the United States, Russian federation, Europe, Japan, and Canada. Other nations such as Brazil, Italia, and Red china also piece of work with the ISS through cooperation with other countries.

Building the ISS began in 1998, when Russian and American infinite modules were joined together.

Origin

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In the early 1980s, NASA planned Space Station Liberty as a analogue to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations. Information technology never left the cartoon lath and, with the end of the Soviet Matrimony and the Cold War, information technology was cancelled. The end of the Infinite Race prompted the U.Due south. administration officials to start negotiations with international partners Europe, Russia, Japan and Canada in the early 1990s in social club to build a truly international infinite station. This project was first announced in 1993 and was chosen Space Station Alpha.^[7]
Information technology was planned to combine the proposed infinite stations of all participating space agencies: NASA’due south Infinite Station Freedom, Russia’s Mir-ii (the successor to the Mir Space Station, the core of which is now Zvezda) and ESA’s Columbus that was planned to be a stand-lone spacelab.

Manufacturing

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The ISS components was manufactured in various factories all over the world, and were all shipped into the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Middle for final stages of manufacturing, machine assembly and launch processing. The components are made from stainless steel, titanium, aluminum and copper.

Associates

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The assembly of the International Space Station is a great effect in infinite architecture.^[4]
Russian modules launched and docked by their rockets. All other pieces were delivered by the Space Shuttle. Equally of 5 June 2011^[update], they had added 159 components during more than ane,000 hours of EVA.^[eight]
Many of the modules that launched on the Space Shuttle were tested on the ground at the Space Station Processing Facility to find and correct problems earlier launch.

The first section, the Zarya Functional Cargo Block, was put in orbit in November 1998 on a Russian Proton rocket. Ii further pieces (the Unity Module and Zvezda service module) were added earlier the first coiffure, Trek 1, was sent. Trek 1 docked to the ISS on 1 November 2000, and consisted of U.S. astronaut William Shepherd and two Russian cosmonauts, Yuri Gidzenko and Sergey Krikalev.

Associates of the International Space Station

Parts	Assembly flight	Launch engagement	Launch vehicle	Separate Views		View with station
Zarya (FGB)[ix]	1A/R	1998-11-20	Proton-K
Unity (Node one),[10] PMA-one & PMA-two	2A	1998-12-04	Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-88)
Zvezda (Service Module)[eleven]	1R	2000-07-12	Proton-M
Z1 Truss & PMA-3	3A	2000-10-11	Infinite Shuttle Discovery (STS-92)
P6 Truss & Solar Arrays	4A	2000-11-30	Infinite Shuttle Endeavour (STS-97)
Destiny (Usa Laboratory)[12]	5A	2001-02-07	Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-98)
External Stowage Platform-1	5A.1	2001-03-08	Infinite Shuttle Discovery (STS-102)
Canadarm2 (SSRMS)	6A	2001-04-19	Infinite Shuttle Try (STS-100)
Quest (Joint Airlock)[thirteen]	7A	2001-07-12	Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-104)
Pirs (Docking Compartment & Airlock)	4R	2001-09-fourteen	Soyuz-U (Progress M-SO1)
S0 Truss[14]	8A	2002-04-08	Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-110)
Mobile Base of operations Arrangement	UF2	2002-06-05	Infinite Shuttle Effort (STS-111)
S1 Truss	9A	2002-x-07	Infinite Shuttle Atlantis (STS-112)
P1 Truss	11A	2002-11-23	Space Shuttle Attempt (STS-113)
ESP-2	LF1	2005-07-26	Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-114)
P3/P4 Truss & Solar Arrays[15]	12A	2006-09-09	Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-115)
P5 Truss[xvi]	12A.1	2006-12-09	Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-116)
S3/S4 Truss & Solar Arrays	13A	2007-06-08	Infinite Shuttle Atlantis (STS-117)
S5 Truss and ESP-3	13A.one	2007-08-08	Space Shuttle Endeavor (STS-118)
Harmony (Node two) Relocation of P6 Truss	10A	2007-ten-23	Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-120)
Columbus (European Laboratory)[17]	1E	2008-02-07	Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-122)
Dextre (SPDM) Japanese Logistics Module (ELM-PS)	1J/A	2008-03-11	Space Shuttle Attempt (STS-123)
Japanese Pressurized Module (JEM-PM) JEM Robotic Arm (JEM-RMS)[18] [nineteen]	1J	2008-05-31	Infinite Shuttle Discovery (STS-124)
S6 Truss & Solar Arrays	15A	2009-03-15	Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-119)
Japanese Exposed Facility (JEM-EF)	2J/A	2009-07-fifteen	Infinite Shuttle Endeavour (STS-127)
Poisk (MRM-ii)[20] [21]	5R	2009-11-10	Soyuz-U (Progress Thousand-MIM2)
ExPRESS Logistics Carriers ane & ii	ULF3	2009-11-sixteen	Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-129)
Cupola & Tranquility (Node iii)	20A	2010-02-08	Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-130)
Rassvet (MRM-i)[22]	ULF4	2010-05-14	Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-132)
Leonardo (PMM) and Limited Logistics Carrier 4	ULF5	2011-02-24	Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-133)
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, OBSS and EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 3	ULF6	2011-05-sixteen	Infinite Shuttle Endeavour (STS-134)
Bigelow Expandable Activity Module[23]		2016-04-08	Falcon ix (SpaceX CRS-8)
Parts	Assembly flight	Launch date	Launch vehicle	Split up View		View with station

Life in infinite

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Bedtime

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People living in the space station have to get used to all kinds of changes from life on Earth. Information technology takes them only 90 minutes to orbit (go effectually) the earth, so the sun looks as if it is ascension and setting 16 times a 24-hour interval. This can be confusing, especially when i is trying to make up one’s mind when they should get to bed. The astronauts effort to keep a 24-hour-schedule anyhow. At bedtime, they have to sleep in sleeping bags that are stuck to the wall. They have to strap themselves inside then they volition not float away while sleeping.^[24]
En:wikt:Strap

Zero gravity

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In orbit there is no K-Force (this is called free autumn or
zero gravity). To help prepare astronauts experience cipher gravity, NASA trainers put the astronauts in water. Because water makes 1 bladder, this is a little like experiencing no gravity. However, in water they can button against the h2o and move effectually. In zero gravity, there is nothing to push against, so they just float in the air. Some other way of training is going in a airplane and making the plane fall to earth very quickly. This lets people experience cipher gravity for a very brusque time. This preparation can make people quite sick at kickoff.

In zero gravity, the astronauts practise not use their legs very much, so they need to get lots of practice to go on them from condign too weak. Without gravity, astronauts can go big upper bodies and skinny legs. This is called chicken-leg syndrome. Astronauts must do hard, every mean solar day, to remain healthy.

Eating in infinite way is hard. Water and other liquids exercise not menstruation down in infinite, so if any were spilled in the space station, it would bladder around everywhere. Liquids tin can ruin electronic equipment, and then astronauts have to exist very careful in space. They beverage by sucking h2o out of a bag, or from a tube stuck to the wall. They cannot put their food on plates because it would just float correct off, so they put it in pouches and eat from the pouches. The food they consume is usually dried, considering whatsoever crumbs tin ruin the equipment.
Sometimes fresh fruits and vegetables are sent up to the astronauts, but it is very expensive and hard to ship it, then they have to bring plenty of food with them.^[24]

Bath

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In infinite, the
bath
should probably exist called the
restroom
instead, because one actually tin can not take baths there. Instead, astronauts use eject guns to have a shower. I person squirts himself with a gun while other people stand outside with a h2o vacuum to become rid of all the water that floats out of the shower. This is quite hard, so astronauts ordinarily simply have a “sponge bath” with a wet cloth.
Toilets can be another problem. Toilets are supposed to use gravity to work. When one flushes a toilet, gravity makes the h2o go down. Since the astronauts on the ISS practice not feel any gravity, the toilet must exist attached to the astronauts and gently suck away all their waste.^[24]

References

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1. ↑
   ^{1.0
   1.1}
   
   
   Garcia, Marking (9 May 2018). “Nigh the Space Station: Facts and Figures”. NASA. Retrieved
   21 June
   2018.
   
   
2. ↑
   
   “Infinite to Ground: Friending the ISS: 06/03/2016”.
   YouTube.com. NASA. 3 June 2016.
   
   
3. ↑
   ^{3.0
   3.1
   3.two
   three.3
   iii.four
   iii.v
   three.6
   3.7
   3.8}
   
   
   Peat, Chris (28 September 2018). “ISS – Orbit”.
   Heavens-Above
   . Retrieved
   28 September
   2018.
   
   
4. ↑
   ^{four.0
   4.1}
   
   
   NASA (18 February 2010). “On-Orbit Elements”
   (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original
   (PDF)
   on 29 Oct 2009. Retrieved
   19 June
   2010.
   
   
5. ↑
   
   “STS-132 Printing Kit”
   (PDF). NASA. vii May 2010. Retrieved
   19 June
   2010.
   
   
6. ↑
   
   “STS-133 FD 04 Execute Parcel”
   (PDF). NASA. 27 February 2011. Retrieved
   27 February
   2011.
   
   
7. ↑
   
   GAO (June 1994). “Space Station: Bear on of the Expanded Russian Role on Funding and Enquiry”
   (PDF). GAO. Retrieved
   3 November
   2006.
   
   
8. ↑
   
   “The ISS to Appointment”. NASA. ix March 2011. Retrieved
   21 March
   2011.
   
   
9. ↑
   
   Wade, Mark (15 July 2008). “ISS Zarya”. Encyclopaedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved
   11 March
   2009.
   
   
10. ↑
    
    “Unity Connecting Module: Cornerstone for a Home in Orbit”
    (PDF). NASA. January 1999. Archived
    (PDF)
    from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved
    11 March
    2009.
    
    
11. ↑
    
    “Zvezda Service Module”. NASA. 11 March 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved
    xi March
    2009.
    
    
12. ↑
    
    “US Destiny Laboratory”. NASA. 26 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved
    26 June
    2007.
    
    
13. ↑
    
    “Infinite Station Extravehicular Activity”. NASA. four April 2004. Archived from the original on 3 Apr 2009. Retrieved
    11 March
    2009.
    
    
14. ↑
    
    “Space Station Assembly: Integrated Truss Structure”. NASA. Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. Retrieved
    2 Dec
    2007.
    
    
15. ↑
    
    “P3 and P4 to expand station capabilities, providing a third and fourth solar array”
    (pdf). Boeing. July 2006. Retrieved
    2 December
    2007.
    
    
16. ↑
    
    “STS-118 MISSION OVERVIEW: BUILD THE STATION…BUILD THE FUTURE”
    (PDF). NASA PAO. July 2007. Archived
    (PDF)
    from the original on 1 Dec 2007. Retrieved
    2 December
    2007.
    
    
17. ↑
    
    “Columbus laboratory”. ESA. 10 January 2009. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved
    6 March
    2009.
    
    
18. ↑
    
    “About Kibo”. JAXA. 25 September 2008. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved
    six March
    2009.
    
    
19. ↑
    
    “Kibo Japanese Experiment Module”. NASA. 23 November 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved
    22 Nov
    2008.
    
    
20. ↑
    
    Zak, Anatoly. “Docking Compartment-ane and 2”. RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved
    26 March
    2009.
    
    
21. ↑
    
    Bergin, Chris (9 November 2009). “Russian module launches via Soyuz for Th ISS docking”. NASASpaceflight.com. Archived from the original on 13 Nov 2009. Retrieved
    x November
    2009.
    
    
22. ↑
    
    NASA (ix April 2007). “NASA Extends Contract With Russian federation’s Federal Infinite Agency”. Press release. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. https://web.annal.org/web/20070623120556/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/apr/HQ_C07-18_Roscosmos.html
    . Retrieved 2007-06-xv.
    
    
    
    
23. ↑
    
    “NASA to Test Bigelow Expandable Module on Infinite Station”. NASA. 16 January 2013. Retrieved
    16 January
    2013.
    
    
24. ↑
    ^{24.0
    24.1
    24.2}
    
    
    “Living and Working on the International Space Station”
    (PDF). CSA. Archived from the original
    (PDF)
    on xix Apr 2009. Retrieved
    28 Oct
    2009.
    
    

Other websites

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• International Space Station -Citizendium